The effect of the El Southern - o n ~ Ni Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on winter rainfall in Iran was explored for the period 1951-1995. The interactions between this phenomenon, ALOFT WIND in Tehran and the rainfall were also investigated. Positive and significant (at 1% level) correlations between the Troup Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and February rainfall data were found for Bandaranzali and Noushahr located over the western half portion of the Caspian sea coastal strip. In February, the ALOFT WIND velocity was observed in association with SOI. It was found that, in January, an increase (decrease) in WIND velocity (500 to 200 hPa levels), generally, corresponds with less (more) than usual rainfall over the eastern half of the Caspian sea shores. The velocity data (in February) are also exhibited a meaningful relationship with the corresponding rainfall in various parts of the country. On a seasonal scale, winter rainfall in Iran tends to be slightly more (less) than normal for the episodes that SOI is positive (negative). Compared to the warm ENSO phase, the SOI-rainfall relationships were found to be stronger during cold periods. For most parts of the country, more (less) than usual winter rainfall has occurred during intense La a n ~ Ni (El o n ~ Ni ) events. Exceptional spells in which contrary effects of the ENSO events were observed were also identified.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a WIND-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the WIND speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Due to the stochastic nature of WIND energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for WIND generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the WIND generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the WIND energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, WIND generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the WIND energy potential of the WIND farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the WIND speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of WIND velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for WIND generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

The upcoming study investigates the design and use of vertical-axis WIND turbines for power extraction in Chahnimeha, Zabol. In Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, due to the vastness and climatic barriers, the use of renewable energy can greatly contribute to the well-being of people. Using the meteorological data of this province, the average WIND speed in the Chahnime region is estimated at 6.4 m/s. At first, 4 airfoils with the highest lift-to-drag coefficient have been selected and studied for WIND turbine design. By choosing the best airfoil among the four examined ones, a WIND turbine with 3 different blade sizes and rotor radius was designed. The WIND turbine, which is designed with a blade length of 3 meters and a rotor radius of 1.5 m, has the best performance. The vertical axis WIND turbine has been investigated in 4 models with 3, 5, 7, and 9 blades. The power factor of the 3-bladed turbine is equal to 0.30, and of the 7-bladed WIND turbine is equal to 0.45. Among the examined WIND turbines, the best WIND turbine with 7 blades was chosen. The reduction of WIND speed before the blades is influenced by the solidity of the WIND turbine. The study of WIND turbine exergy was used to investigate the environmental effects such as humidity and temperature on the performance of WIND turbines in the climatic region of Zabol. The exergy efficiency of the designed 3-blade and 7-blade WIND turbine is equal to 45 and 75%, which shows the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the WIND turbine efficiency in a climate region. The results of this study clearly show that it is possible to use a 7-blade vertical axis WIND turbine to provide electricity to areas far from the grid and to produce scattered.

In this study, weather conditions such as air humidity, temperature air, and WIND speed were investigated in relation to WIND turbine efficiency with the approach of an exergy study. In this study, the WIND speed has been investigated in two different climatic regions of Iran with an approximate distance of 1200 km, in the names of Ardabil and Marvast. The amount of WIND density of Ardabil is equal to 66 (kW/m2) and Marvast is equal to 123 (kW/m2). Power production using a 10 (Kw) WIND turbine in the Ardabil region is 2.3 (MWh) and in the Marvast region is 3.2 (MWh) per year. The highest WIND turbine exergy efficiency is 0.48 in the Ardabil region, and the highest exergy efficiency in the Marvast region is 0.18. The amount of reduction of CO2 gas production, using WIND turbines in comparison to gas and diesel power plants in Ardabil, are 1.1 and 2.1 tons and in Marvast are 1.5 and 2.9 tons per year. This reduction in CO2 greenhouse gas per year is equal to using a forest region of 1000 (m2) to 3000 (m2). The use of WIND turbines reduces the fuel consumption of diesel power plants in the Ardabil region for the amount of 797.4 liters and in the Marvast region for the amount of 1244 liters of diesel per year. According to this review, it can be concluded that in addition to WIND speed, air humidity plays a significant role in the selection, installation, and commissioning of WIND turbines in the region. According to this survey, it can be seen that in the Ardabil region, the WIND speed of the WIND turbine has a higher exergy efficiency than in the Marvast region, and it can be concluded that the WIND turbine has performed better in the Ardabil region.

Manjil WIND is one of the most atmospheric phenomena the Iranian plateau. Behavior and spatial range of Manjil WIND has been very limited. In this study, SCData of 30 synoptic stations in the province of Gilan and Iran plateau and also NCEP / NCAR data (horizontal resolution of 2.5°) ECMWF (horizontal resolution of 0.125°) were used for statistics and synoptic analysis. This study indicates the daily specific behaviors and quasi-permanent phenomenon during the days of the year. Manjil WIND is starting to blow from around 9 Am local time and peak in 15 to 16 hours, local time. The most frequency of Manjil WIND is during June and July. Statistics study show the influence of Manjil WIND on daily and seasonal temperature regime. In this study for the first time, results showed that Manjil WIND is expanding to the altitude of 1400 meters above sea to Jirandeh station in the southern slops of the Alborz mountains. In synoptic scale, pressure gradient between Caspian Sea thermal high pressure and Iran plateau thermal low pressure cause to form WIND. Daily and seasonal behaviors of Manjil WIND especially speed and frequency of occurrence is related to two regional scale atmospheric systems that are affected by thermal properties of the lower levels of the atmosphere. In this study, an index was introduced to identify the factors leading to blowing Manjil WIND. This index is pressure difference between the Caspian Sea and Iranian Plateau (CSIP) that confirms Manjil WIND formation mechanism.

In this study, the performance of a ducted WIND turbine is compared with a bare one using WIND tunnel results. Ducted turbines are a type of small WIND turbines, which consist of a diffuser surrounding the rotor. The duct makes more air flow in rotor plain and as a result augments power production. The blade was fabricated, using resin polyester armed by glass fiber. Duct is formed by sheet metal rolling in slope to have an acceptable appearance. According to BEM design, predicted power for the bare turbine is 300W in WIND velocity 10 m/s considering 20% loss due to bearing resistant, rotor inertia, and generator efficiency. WIND tunnel investigation revealed 165W power experimentally for bare WIND turbine. The evaluation of the system in the WIND tunnel showed that the power augmentation of the ducted system compared to the bare one was 37% higher on average. The maximum power augmentation of the ducted turbine was 286W. The rotor speed of ducted turbine was 61% more than the bare turbine, which increased the speed of the tip of the blade.